İNGİLİZCE SÖZCÜK DİZİMİ HAKKINDA TEMEL BİLGİLER

İngilizce cümle yapısı fazla esnek değildir. Bu İngilizce’nin daha kolay bir dil olmasını sağlamaktadır.

İşte Türkçe ve İngilizce örnekler.

• Mehmet arabayı dün tamir etti.
• Dün arabayı Mehmet tamir etti.
• Dün Mehmet arabayı tamir etti.
• Arabayı dün Mehmet tamir etti.

 

Gördüğümüz gibi Türkçe’de vurgulanmak istenen cümle öğesinin yeri değiştirilebilir. Ancak İngilizce’de bu esneklik yoktur.

      Mehmet repaired the car yesterday.

İngilizce’de cümle öğelerinin yerlerinin bazı durumlarda değiştiğini göreceğiz.  Bu durumlarda özel ekler, noktalama işaretleri gibi değişiklikler gerekecektir.

 

PASSIVE VOICE (EDİLGEN YAPI)

The car was repaired by Mehmet yesterday.

ZAMAN İFADELERİNİN CÜMLENİN BAŞINDA KULLANILMASI

Yesterday, Mehmet repaired the car.

DEVRİK CÜMLELER

Never does she come here.

CÜMLENİN ÖĞELERİ

• İsim (Noun) →Özne ve nesne
• Fiil (Verb) →Cümlede gerçekleşen eylem
• Sıfat (Adjective) → İsimleri niteleyen kelimeler ve yapılar
• Zarf (Adverb) → Bir eylemin nasıl, nerede, ne zaman yapıldığını bildiren ifadeler ve kelimeler.
• Zamir (Pronoun) → İsimleri yinelememek amacıyla isimlerin yerine kullanılan kelimeler
• İlgeç (Preposition) →in, on, at, vb. gibi kelimeler
• Belirteçler (Articles) → the, a, an, some, vs gibi isimlerin önünde kullanılan kelimeler.
• Tamlama (Phrase) → En az iki kelimeden oluşan ve tek öğe görevi olan yapılar.
• Cümlecik (Clause) → Kendi öznesi, fiili ve diğer öğeleri olan ancak tek başına anlamı olmayan ve cümle öğesi görevi olan yapılar.
• Bağlaçlar (Conjunctions) → Cümle öğelerini ve iki cümleyi birbirine bağlama görevi olan kelime ve ifadeler.

 

CÜMLEDE ÖZNE

Jane is at work.

She is at work.

The man is over there.

The old woman is in the room.

The man who lives next door is John’s uncle.

Whether the woman knows the answer in important.

 

CÜMLEDE NESNE

I saw Tina yesterday.

I saw her yesterday.

I saw the girl yesterday.

I saw the girl whose father works for this company.

I gave Mary a present.

I gave a present to Mary.

I told the old man to phone me later.

I know where she lives.

I know that she knows everything.

 

CÜMLEDE PREPOSITION

YER, KONUM BİLDİRME

I met them at school.

She is in her office.

I saw him on the bus.

 

SIFATLAR İLE KULLANIM

She is interested in music.

I am good at playing football.

 

PHRASAL VERBS

I looked at them.

I looked for them.

I looked after them.

 

CLAUSES (CÜMLECİKLER)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (ZARF CÜMLECİKLERİ)

I left home when they phoned me.

I left home as soon as they called me.

She phoned me as I was leaving home.

I did not go out because it was wet and windy.

 

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (SIFAT CÜMLECİKLERİ)

They told me about the man who robbed the bank.

They told me about the car which they bought last month.

 

NOUN CLAUSES (İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ)

Could you tell me where the accident happened?

Could you tell me whether she knows anything about the accident?

Nobody knows that she is my cousin.

 

TEMEL CÜMLE YAPILARI

Genel olarak iki tip cümleden bahsedebiliriz.

• İsim cümlesi
• Fiil cümlesi

İsim cümlesi to be fiili kullanılarak oluşturulur. Farklı amaçlar için kullanılır ve kesin hüküm verir. Bilim dili olduğunu da ekleyebiliriz.

 

Bacteria are both harmful and beneficial.

Semantics is the study of meaning.

 

Diğer bütün fiillerde olduğu gibi to be fiilinin de 3 farklı çekimi vardır.

PRESENT                                      PAST                                 PAST PARTICIPLE

Be = am, is, are                     was, were                                       been

 

 BE Verb Introduction- Simple Past Tense

	FORM	SUBJECT	BE VERB	EXAMPLES
Affirmative sentences ( + )	1st person	I	was	I was in Ankara last weekend.
	2nd person	You	were	You were a student ten years ago.
	3rd person	He	was	He was sad this morning.
	3rd person	She	was	She was very tired last Sunday.
	3rd person	It	was	It was very hot yesterday.
	1st person pl.	We	were	We were at school in the morning.
	2nd person pl.	You	were	You were students ten years ago.
	3rd person pl.	They	were	They were with us the day before yesterday.
	SUBJECT	BE VERB	Contraction	EXAMPLES
Negative sentences ( - )	I	was not	wasn’t	I was not here two days ago.
	You	were not	weren’t	You were not at school yesterday.
	He	was not	wasn’t	He was not a student last year.
	She	was not	wasn’t	She was not tired when I saw her.
	It	was not	wasn’t	I was not rainy last weekend.
	We	were not	weren’t	We were not İn Şanlıurfa last month.
	You	were not	weren’t	You were not with us yesterday.
	They	were not	weren’t	They were not here three months ago.
	BE VERB & SUBJECT			(+) Short answer	(-) Short answer
Questions ( ? )	Was I correct?			Yes, you were.	No, you weren’t.
	Were you tired?			Yes, I was.	No, I wasn’t.
	Was he asleep?			Yes, he was.	No, he wasn’t.
	IWas she here?			Yes, she was.	No, she wasn’t.
	Was it warm?			Yes, it was.	No, it wasn’t.
	Were we students?			Yes, you were.	No, you weren’t.
	Were you thirsty?			Yes, we were.	No, we weren’t.
	Were they here?			Yes, they were.	No, they weren’t.

 

BE Verb Introduction – Present Perfect Tense

	FORM	SUBJECT	BE VERB	Contraction	EXAMPLE
Affirmative sentences ( + )	1st person	I	have	I've	I've been here since 10.
	2nd person	You	have	You’ve	You've been busy lately.
	3rd person	He	has	He’s	He's been there since then.
	3rd person	She	has	She’s	She's been a doctor for a year
	3rd person	It	has	It's	It's been cold since yesterday.
	1st person pl.	We	have	We’ve	We've been hungry since 1.
	2nd person pl.	You	have	You’ve	You've been here since last week.
	3rd person pl.	They	have	They’ve	They've been asleep for an hour.
	SUBJECT	BE VERB	Contraction	EXAMPLE
Negative sentences ( - )	I	have not	I’ve not I haven’t	I haven’t been her efor a long time.
	You	have not	You haven’t You’ve not	You haven’t been here for a long time.
	He	has not	He hasn’t He's not	He hasn’t been at work since then.
	She	has not	She hasn’t she's not	She hasn’t been in London for two years.
	It	has not	It hasn’t It's not	It hasn’t been warm for three days.
	We	have not	We haven’t We've not	We haven’t been busy since yesterday.
	You	have not	You haven’t you've not	You haven’t been tired since you came here.
	They	have not	They haven’t they've not	They haven’t been here since 2010.

 

To be fiilini kullanabileceğimiz belli başlı alanladan örnekler:

 MESLEK

John is a lawyer.

They are students.

 

TANIM

Tony is a student.

Iron is solid.

The world is round.

 

YER VE KAYNAK GÖSTERME

Gary is at home/on the plane/in his Office/in front of the car.

Tina is upstairs/downstairs/here/there/inside/outside.

They are from Ankara.

 

DURUM, GÖRÜNÜM, ÖZELLİK, RENK, UYRUK BİLDİRME

She is tired.

They are happy.

He is handsome.

Mary is beautiful.

Tony is generous and helpful.

My car is black.

They are Japanese.

 

THERE + BE

There is a museum in Şanlıurfa.

There are a lot of good restaurants in Istanbul.

There was an old building here ten years ago.

There were three men outside o couple of minutes ago.

There has been a financial cricis for the last three months.

There have been serious problems all over the country since last year.

  

WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH / İNGİLİZCE’DE. SÖZCÜK. DİZİLİŞİ

6	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
When?	Who? Which? What?	Action	Who? Which? What?	How?	Where?	When?	Why?
	I	like	music.
	We	saw	the accident.
	We	saw	the accident.			yesterday.
Yesterday,	we	went			to the movies.
	I	Did not like	the movie.				because it was boring.
	A man	was talking		loudly.

 

Yani sıralamayı başka şekilde açıklayacak olursak şöyle sıralama yapılır.

Subject     Verb        Object     Manner           Place            Time              Reason

Özne           Fiil          Nesne     Durum Zarfı   Yer Zarfı.  Zaman Zarfı      Neden

  S            V          O         M              P             T

Daha fazla örnek

Gary called me yesterday.

The bus returned late last night.

John had breakfast at 7.

The bus hit a tree.

The bus colliced with a tree.

John called earlier to cancel his appointment.

John ate breakfast on the train this morning because he was late.

The bus returned to the station to drop off the passengers.

The bus hit the tree with great force.

 

 

DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF TIME/ ZAMAN ZARFLARININ SIRALAMASI

They arrived at the hotel at 11 a.m. on Thursday last week.

DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF PLACE / YER ZARFLARININ SIRALAMASI

They live in a small flat in a big city in Ankara.

YER ZARFINI VURGULAMA (YER ZARFI CÜMLE BAŞINDA)

On the train, John ate his breakfast. (Unnatural)

On the train, John was fine, but at the office, he felt sick.

 

 ZAMAN ZARFINI VURGULAMA (ZAMAN ZARFI CÜMLE BAŞINDA)

Earlier, John called to cancel his appointment.

Earlier, John felt sick, but now, he is allright.

 

HOW AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE

With great force, the bus hit the tree. (Unnatural)

The bus swerved, and with great force, hit the tree.

 

WHY AT THE BEGINNING / NEDENİN. VURGULANMASI

To drop off the passengers, the bus returned to the station. (UNNATURAL)

To drop off the passengers safely, the bus returned to the station.

 

POSITION OF ADVERBS / ZARFLARIN KONUMU

FREQUENCY ADVERBS / SIKLIK. ZARFLARI

I always watch the news.

I do not always watch the news.

I can’t always watch the news.

They will never do that again.

He hardly ever goes out.

She can rarely have a rest.

She occasionally writes to me.

He sometimes has to work late.

She doesn’t usually work on Fridays.

I have often seen him.

 

 

ALREADY, RECENTLY, JUST, FINALLY, SOON, STILL, ALMOST, ALL, CURRENTLY, ALSO, PROBABLY, BOTH, EVEN, HARDLY

I have already had lunch.

They have recently bought a new car.

She has just come back.

We finally managed to contact him.

We will soon have a break.

He is still watching television.

I almost forgot.

They have all finished.

They are currently negotiating a deal.

I would also like to visit the museum.

We will probably go on holiday next week.

We both arrived late.

I can’t even move my fingers.

I could hardly hear him.

 

WHEN TO BE IS THE MAIN VERB OF THE SENTENCE /TO BE CÜMLENİN ASIL FİİLİ İSE

She is always here.

The bus is rarely on time.

They are often tired.

We were all happy.

August was even hotter than July.

I am already late.

 

 

PUTTING AN ADVERB AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE IN ORDER TO EMPHASIZE IT

VURGU AMACIYLA. ZARFIN CÜMLE BAŞINDA YER ALMASI

Sometimes, he has to work late.

Usually, she doesn’t work on Fridays.

Finally, we managed to contact him.

Soon, we will have a break.

Currently, they are negotiating a deal.

 

 

 

 

NEGATIVE ADVERBS AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE REQUIRE INVERSION

CÜMLE BAŞINDA BULUNAN OLUMSUZ. ZARF DEVRİK YAPI GEREKTİRİR

Never will they do it again.

Rarely can she have a rest.

Seldom does it rain here.

 

ADVERBS OF MANNER

He opened the door quietly.

He quietly opened the door.

We could see it in the distance clearly.

We could clearly see it in the distance.

She was singing happily.

She was happily singing.